Organizational Design and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational Design and Culture - Essay Example Culture tends to be presented in the change literature as a variable, which is susceptible to control and available to management for manipulation. Yet sociologists and anthropologists of various persuasions have long argued for a more organic, processual and dynamic approach to questions of culture than the rather narrow materialist view would suggest. Organizational cultures are continuously constructed and reconstructed through interaction and intervention at the everyday level: they are constantly in process and tend largely to resist central control. This is reflected in the poor track record of many planned corporate culture programmes: while a few mission statements and indoctrination sessions might change senior management' s perspective.Culture assumes significance usually because the strategy of the organization, the type of people in power and its structure and systems reflect the dominant managerial ideology or culture. Furthermore, such managerial ideologies may be more important than environmental factors in guiding organizational response. Managerial ideology, in recent years, has focused on the core characteristics associated with the "best run", "achievement-oriented", "excellent" organizations. Core dimensions include an action focus, high customer awareness; entrepreneurship; and autonomy. Therefore by implication, it is being suggested that a model which assumes low employee commitment simply cannot match the standards of excellence set by world-class manufacturers.

Unforgettable Moment Essay Example for Free

Unforgettable Moment Essay When I arrived at the area of the stadium I saw hundreds of peoples. A lot kinds of peoples. All of them have look very happy. At that time, with age as young as I, I feel so excited and enthusiasm. My whole body also able to taste it. The area of the stadium is full with stall, stall that sold everything that connected to football such as jersey, football merchandise, teams flag and many else. I also do not miss to get my favourite team jersey which is Selangor FC and also well-known as The Red Giants. After satisfied walking around the stadium compound. Me and my brother decide to enter the stadium. After my first food step in the stadium the feel of excited strike me again. If the outside of the stadium I can see hundreds of peoples, at the inside I can see thousands of peoples. The place is so crowded and noisy, when I talked to my brother he cannot hear what I am talking about even he is right next to me. After take a seat, I saw every corner of the stadium and the stadium is so huge . At that moment, I bet this must be the biggest stadium in the world. Before the match started all peoples in the stadium need to stand up and sing the national anthem, Negaraku . I sing it with enthusiasm. My adrenalin is rising at the moment. The national anthem ends with a thunderous applause by supporters who come, and again the feel of excited strike me again. Match on that day involving Selangor FC and Perak FC. During the match I did not stop cheering for my favourite team. I think I almost lost my voice on that day. After the 90 minute full game, whistle is blown and match that day ending in a draw. Although the match ending in a draw which do not affect my enjoyment of the day. After all, I back home with feeling very happy. When I arrived at home and I rewind what just happened to me will become my special moment in my life, and guest what, I am true ,the first experience to step foot in stadium watch my favourite team play has become my unforgettable, sweetest and special moment to me until now, and probably until forever.

The Emotional Crypt in Gabriel Garcia Marquezs Love in the Time of Cholera :: Love Time Cholera

The Emotional Crypt in Gabriel Garcia Marquez's Love in the Time of Cholera It is a well-known fact that bread keeps fresher longer if one sucks the air from the bag it is in before clipping it tightly shut. Thus, in those nations where bread, our staff of life, is provided for us in brightly colored bags, we dutifully absorb the treacherous air, holding tightly to the theory that everything survives better in a vacuum. It is human nature to keep those things we love and need free from harm, tightly wrapped up and out of the elements.   When trauma strikes a human being it is not uncommon for that person to respond by finding or creating a small pocket of normalcy or "emotional crypt," 1   and living safely inside of it, shielding themselves from pain. These crypts take on many forms and, in turn, can be penetrated in many ways. Tombs can be literal or figurative.   While one person may prefer the sanctity of a house or   basement, another may simply create a small but perfect world inside their mind.   Still others might choose a relationship, obj ects, or a form of communication to separate painful reality from tolerable bliss. Modeled after a love affair his mother had with a telegraph operator before she was married, Gabriel Garcia Marquez's late work Love in the Time of Cholera 2 , is an eloquent illustration of how a person or persons can utilize an emotional crypt throughout a lifetime as a tool for dealing with many forms of trauma (McNerney 78).   Additionally, it demonstrates how these emotional crypts can eventually become reality for the person in a post-traumatic state. Lorenzo Daza is a mule trader who, by means legal or illegal, has made enough money to send his daughter Fermina to a fine academy for training women to be good, upper-class brides. Though they are decidedly lower middle class, Lorenzo is deeply set on his daughter marrying far above her station. Florentino Ariza, on the other hand, is the poor but ambitious bastard son of a powerful South American merchant to whom his mother was a mistress.   He works for the local telegraph company and is proficient and talented in the arts of music and, especially, writing.   He has a future as a riverboat merchant but Lorenzo is non-plussed by this.   Ariza first sees Fermina when he delivers a telegram to her father's house.

Biochemistry

The first semester of the two part series covers the topics chemistry, histology, genetics and inheritance, and the integument, skeletal, muscular, digestive, and reproductive systems. General objectives: 1. To discuss a basic understanding and working knowledge of the human body. 2. To outline the concepts of homeostasis and interdependence of all body systems. 3. To provide an Introduction to the disruption of homeostasis (pathology) as contrasted with normal processes, particularly as they apply to the allied health occupations.Course learning outcomes: As part of the requirements of accreditation Course Learning Outcomes (COOL) have been developed that represent examples of capstone outcomes that each course of Anatomy and Physiology 101 needs to become skilled at and evaluated in a standardized format. The three CLOSE for this class are listed below. You will have a test on these as either a quiz during the semester or as part of the comprehensive examination. SKIN, MUSCLES, DIG ESTION 1 . Describe the typical anatomy and physiology of the Integument (skin) Including epidermal derivative, sensory receptors, and appropriate glands. . Describe the anatomy and physiology muscle contraction including the events in the excitation and contraction coupling of skeletal muscle. 3. Outline the events of the digestion of a cheeseburger including the mechanical and chemical modes of digestion and the various means of absorption within the gut for the various nutrients Included. Master (102) Recommended preparation: High school or college biology and/or chemistry are strongly recommended. Format: Classes meet two days per week. One and one half hours of theory (lecture) followed by three hours of laboratory.A. Be prepared for a short quiz every Monday that will typically cover the previous weeks' lecture material. These will start at the beginning or end of class so it will be important to be in class on time and remain for the entire period. B. During the semester ther e will be at least four midterm examinations. C. A comprehensive final examination will be given n the last day of class and is a requirement to receive a passing grade. D. Please read over the textbook and lab assignments BEFORE coming to class.Several laboratory sessions will involve the study and use of cadavers and preserved specimens. Students not wishing to work with these specimens for ethical or health concerns should contact the instructor so an alternative assignment can be determined. Attendance: If you cannot make it to class, it is your responsibility to check which assignments are due when returning back to class. Exchange telephone numbers and use the buddy system. Please do not call or e-mail for an excused absence. All absences hurt your chances of being successful in this fast paced class and the quizzes cannot be made up.If you need to contact me because of extended absence please e-mail me in this regard. Drop Policy: It is the instructor's responsibility to drop students that are a â€Å"no show'. This is accomplished prior to the census date. A â€Å"no show' is someone who never attended a single class session. In addition you will be dropped for excessive absences. Excessive absences are typically more than four class sessions in a row. Exceptions may be made depending on circumstances and the student's chances of being successful.Makeup's and late work: Quizzes cannot be made up. Labs and Tests can be made up at the discretion of the instructor in extenuating circumstances with official documentation (medical note, police report, etc. ) No tests can be made up after two weeks of the initial test date and no make-ups are given during the last two weeks of class. Extra credit: Extra credit may be given at the instructor's discretion Laboratory credit: Lab credit is based solely on the practical exam. There will be 4 racial exams and each exam is worth 10% of your grade.Blackboard material: During the semester there may be extra materia l on blackboard. Be sure to check it regularly. Grading policy: 5 Written Exams (including final) worth 10% each = 50% 10 Quizzes worth 1% each = 10% 4 Lab Practical Exams Worth 10% each = 40% The point percentage for a particular grade is as follows: â€Å"D† Grade—- â€Å"F† Grade———-less than 60% â€Å"C† Grade———– 70-79% The grade of â€Å"F† is given to a student who obtains less than 60% of the points possible in class and/or is found cheating in class.See Policy) The grade of â€Å"D† is given to those students who satisfactorily obtained at least 60% of all the points possible in class. The grade of â€Å"C† is given to the student who can assimilate the lecture and lab material and is able to obtain 70% of all the points possible in class. The grade of â€Å"B† is given to the student, who in addition to fulfilling 80% of the previous objectives, is also able to display that he or she can satisfactorily answer questions beyond those discussed in lecture material. Other sources of information include the textbook and blackboard reading recommendations.The grade of â€Å"A† is given to the student who fulfills the previous objectives and is also able to integrate information to solve novel situations thereby clearly demonstrating the concept of critical thinking. Cheating policy: Cheating is any activity that gives an unfair advantage to a particular student. These activities include but are not limited to: using notes or books on examinations of any kind, looking at or copying someone else's paper, changing graded papers for credit, not putting â€Å"late† on papers requiring that designation, or falsifying documents.If someone is caught cheating, he r she will receive an automatic zero for whatever work was being completed. A report called the â€Å"Violation: Student Code of Conduct† will be generated within 5 days of the inci dent . If a student is caught cheating a second time the student will receive an â€Å"F† in the class. This report is electronically submitted to Dean Patrick Springer. He will contact you and explain the actions decided at that point in time. I suggest you check the college catalog for the current policy regarding due process and student discipline.Cheating in a flagrant manner may also be exposed to student disciplinary action as warranted. During the test you must not have a cell phone or other electronic device. A device that is within reach and turned on during the test constitutes cheating and you will receive a zero on the test at hand and the appropriate notifications submitted. If you are assigned to a group you may not change your group designation without permission. Non-participation in a group is cheating. It is the responsibility of the group to enforce this and act as professionals. A nonparticipating needs to be informed early on and given an opportunity to c hange.As a last resort it is up to the group to inform me as early as possible where corrective action will take place. Americans with Disabilities Act: Mat. San Action College abides by the Americans with Disabilities Act and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 that prohibits federal and state agencies or programs from discriminating against qualified individuals with disabilities. If you have a documented disability that limits a major life activity which may have some impact on your work in this class and for which you may require accommodations, please see me or Disabled Students Programs and Services.If there is any accommodation that you require prior to being in the program please let me know and I will do my best to accommodate your needs. Safety: Safety is the most important issue in the laboratory. Always work in a safe manner. Many labs deal with sharp objects, flammable material, and toxic or infectious substances. If you are ever in doubt about a procedure, as k, never assume. Note the proper disposal of wastes and the location or the floor. All food items must be in a backpack or on top of or in the refrigerator. Kibbutz's Hot Buttons: 1 . Eating or drinking in class.Please keep your food stored in your backpack or the refrigerator in the classroom. Every day the refrigerator is cleaned out so that other course sections may have room for their food. You will lose safety percentage points if you have food or food containers on the floor or under the cabinet. 2. Not putting the microscopes away clean and with the arm facing outwards. 3. Cell phones and pagers that go off during lecture times. Testing during lecture is rude and will not be allowed. 4. Students who ask me if it is okay to leave early. If you want to leave class early you do not need my permission.This is a fundamental difference between high school and college. Also do not ask if you will miss anything. Use the buddy system. 5. Smoking on campus especially near doorways, hal lways, and near the A&P building. If you must destroy your lungs then please walk the short distance to the street sidewalk and please pick up your butts. Privacy: Students have a right to privacy. Anyone not wanting their papers to be returned in the out box can get their papers returned to them in person during the office hours directly following the class. Final comment: I wish all of you the best of earning.To learn how your own body works can be very interesting. It is unfortunate that all of these rules must be spelled out. It is a sign of the times but is still not representative of how the class functions. In large part students accommodate to the rules and procedures and the class in general runs smoothly without incidents. For those of you that have taken the time to read this syllabus you will be rewarded. The first quiz will contain questions regarding its content. In general any material that is handed out should be read and considered â€Å"testable material†.

Personal Experience Speech Essay

General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To let the audience know how I dealt with losing my mother to drugs. Central Idea: My mother was raised by drug addict and alcoholic, left Israel for better life and still followed down the wrong path. INTRODUCTION I. Attention Material A. Do you know anyone who has lost their loved ones to drugs? B. Eight years ago I lost my mother to a long battle with drugs. II. Orienting Material A. There are more than 22 million Americans ages 12 and older addicted to drugs. B. When I lost my mother it not only affected my life but the lives of the people that surrounded us. BODY I. My mother was abandoned by her mother Israel. A.My mom tried to get a better life but drugs too powerful. B. My grandmother died year before I was born, my mom died year before my daughter born. II. I tried to help my mom the best I could. A. There are many programs available for addicts and the people who are affected. B. Be willing to let them know you love and support them. CONCLUSION I. Summary A. Drugs affect not only the user but the people surrounding them. B. When helping an addict you have to be willing to help them and not treat them as a child. They have a real problem. II. Clincher A. I always knew I would lose my mother one day but not as soon as I did. B. I pray every day that no one has to encounter the loss that my family has. My family is a blessing and so was my mother.

List of Supplies for High School Students

List of Supplies for High School Students One of the best ways to  be successful in high school is to have  a complete set of study items on hand. Not only will you be prepared for just about every assignment, youll also avoid time-consuming last-minute trips to the store.   General Supplies for All Grades Some supplies are necessary to have  year after year, no matter what grade youre in. Right before the new school year begins, invest in these items and youll be good to go. You dont have to spend a lot of money to have a full stock of supplies. Many of these items can be found at dollar and other discount stores. Backpack3-ring binderPocket foldersNotebook DividersColored pencilsNo. 2 pencilsErasersPencil sharpenerPencil casePensHighlightersMarkersLined notebook paperGraph paperSpiral notebooksComputer printer paperFlash driveGlue stickHand sanitizerLocker organizersOrganizer/plannerPaper clipsScissorsStapler3-hole punchPoster paintsPoster paperPublic library card Extra supplies might be necessary as well but will differ from school to school and class to class. Check with your teachers for specifics. Supplies for 9th  Grade Students beginning their first year of high school may take a variety of classes. Depending on your course schedule, supplies may vary. Algebra I Scientific calculator with fraction key Geometry Scientific calculator with fraction keyCircular protractorRuler marked with inches and centimetersCompass Foreign Language 3x5 colored index cardsForeign language dictionary  (or  smartphone app)Electronic translator (or smartphone app) Supplies for 10th  Grade Many students are likely to take the following classes in 10th  grade. Depending on your course schedule, supplies may vary. Algebra II Scientific calculator with fraction key Geometry Scientific calculator with fraction keyCircular protractorRuler marked with inches and centimetersCompass Foreign Language 3x5 colored index cardsForeign language dictionary  (or  smartphone app)Electronic translator (or smartphone app) Supplies for 11th Grade Juniors should be prepared for typical 11th-grade classes by having these supplies on hand: Biology II Science/Biology dictionary (or  smartphone app) Calculus Graphing calculator, such as TI-83 or 86 Accounting Four-function calculator with percent key Foreign Language 3x5 colored index cardsForeign language dictionary (or  smartphone app)Electronic translator (or smartphone app) Supplies for 12th  Grade Plan for these typical senior-year classes with the following items: Marketing Four-function calculator with percent key Statistics Scientific calculator with fraction key Chemistry or Physics Scientific calculator Foreign Language 3x5 colored index cardsForeign language dictionary (or  smartphone app)Electronic translator (or smartphone app) Additional Supplies If your familys budget allows, these items will also be helpful in your studies: Laptop or Notebook Computer: You will likely have access to a computer lab on campus or at the public library, but a laptop or notebook computer with a click-on keyboard will allow you to do your work anywhere.Smartphone:  While your teachers will likely not allow phones in the classroom, having access to a smartphone will enable you to use a wealth of education-related apps and websites.Printer/Scanner:  Although you may be able to print your work out on your schools printers, having one at home is much more convenient- and it will allow you to check your work more easily. Make sure to get one with scanning capabilities. Scanners can be used to  create study guides from your books, which will help you in everything from preparing for tests to writing a research paper.Post-Itâ„ ¢ Easel Pads:  This item is useful for brainstorming, especially in a study-group setting. Its basically a pad of giant sticky notes that you can fill with ideas and list items and then stick to a  wall or any other surface.   Smartpen by Livescribe:  This is a favorite tool for math students, who may get it during a lecture in class, but then lose it when they sit down to work the problems on their own. The Smartpen  will allow you to  record a lecture while taking notes, and then afterward  place the pen tip on any word or drawing and listen to the part of the lecture that was taking place when those notes were recorded.

How to Use a Visual Dictionary

How to Use a Visual Dictionary Its important to know how to use a visual dictionary as an English learner. In fact, Id say that along with a collocation dictionary, a visual dictionary can be a secret weapon when it comes to learning new vocabulary. Of course, youll always need a standard learners dictionary, but using these other types will really help you expand your vocabulary quickly.   Whats the difference between a Visual Dictionary and a Normal Dictionary? A visual dictionary teaches through pictures. It shows you the meaning, rather than telling you the meaning of a word. It shows a picture, photograph, diagram or other image that explains a word. Of course, this means that visual dictionaries generally teach nouns. Nouns are objects in our world and are easily shown in pictures. However, when explaining more abstract terms such as freedom or justice, theres little a visual dictionary can show you to help. This is true for emotions, action verbs, etc.   Visual Dictionary Differences Dictionary Structure Using a standard dictionary requires you to look up a word alphabetically. While this is very helpful, it doesnt connect words to situations. When learning any language context is important. Visual dictionaries are arranged by topic. This allows you to see an object in its context and make stronger associations with other words. This in turn, improves your understanding, as well as quickly expanding knowledge of vocabulary for specific situations. Some visual dictionaries provide explanations of key vocabulary related to a topic providing further context and related vocabulary.   Synonyms and Antonyms One negative aspect of visual dictionaries is that they do not provide words that are in similar (or opposite) in meaning. Traditional dictionaries allow learners to explore language through reading definitions. Through explanations, dictionaries help you learn new vocabulary. This is not the case with visual dictionaries. Pronunciation Many visual dictionaries do not provide pronunciation for individual words. Most dictionaries provide phonetic spellings of words to show pronunciation. Visual dictionaries, with the exception of some online visual dictionaries, do not provide pronunciation help.   How Should I Use a Visual Dictionary? Use a visual dictionary when you need to understand a specific situation or topic. For example, if youd like to learn the names of various parts of a machine, a visual dictionary is the perfect solution. You can learn the names of the parts, discover how they relate to each other, and see examples of common actions related to using a machine.    Visual dictionaries are especially useful for those who want to learn English for a profession. By choosing topics related to your chosen profession, youll be able to quickly learn specific vocabulary. For engineers and other science related professions, this is extremely helpful.   The best use of visual dictionaries is to explore the physical world. Just looking at the diagrams will not only teach you new English vocabulary, but also help you expand your understanding of how the world works. Seeing and learning new vocabulary by topic helps you understand systems by learning to name objects in that system. For example, a visual dictionary might show a cross-image of a volcano. Explanations of each related term will not only teach you new words, but also what makes a volcano explode! When Should I use a Normal Dictionary? Use a standard dictionary when you are reading a book and its important to know the precise meaning of a word. Of course, its always better to try to understand a word through context. If you cant understand the situation without understanding a specific word, the dictionary is your best friend.   What about a Thesaurus? Im glad you asked. A thesaurus provides synonyms and antonyms for words and is especially important if you need to write essays, business letters, or other formal documents in English. Visual Dictionary Resources on Site There are a number of visual dictionaries on this site including a visual sports dictionary, a professions dictionary, as well as a visual guide to verb tenses.

How to Indicate Unspoken and Indirect Discourse

How to Indicate Unspoken and Indirect Discourse How to Indicate Unspoken and Indirect Discourse How to Indicate Unspoken and Indirect Discourse By Mark Nichol What type of markers or emphasis should a writer give to signal that a character’s thoughts are unspoken? Though some people disagree, the consensus is that they should be enclosed in quotation marks as if they were said aloud: 1. â€Å"She surveyed the shambles of her room and thought, ‘Where do I start?’† This mode of what is known as unspoken discourse assumes that internally vocalized thoughts are a form of direct speech. â€Å"Unspoken discourse† is not to be confused with â€Å"indirect discourse,† which describes indirect speech, or paraphrase: 2. â€Å"She surveyed the shambles of her room and wondered, where should she start?† In this case, the person would not think, â€Å"Where should she start?† in those words, so the final phrase of the sentence is a paraphrase, not a quote, and should not be enclosed in quotation marks. Indirect discourse has another, similar form: 3. â€Å"She surveyed the shambles of her room and wondered where she should start.† Notice that in this example, a different type of paraphrase, a comma does not precede the thought, and no question mark punctuates this sentence, because it’s not a question. As I mentioned above, some writers prefer to omit quotation marks in unspoken discourse: 4. â€Å"She surveyed the shambles of her room and thought, Where do I start?† This style is also correct, but it requires greater attention from the reader, and it seems more trouble than it’s worth to distinguish between spoken thoughts and unspoken ones, especially in fiction. Employing italics is an alternative strategy for unspoken discourse, but this method is best used in internal dialogue, when a person is conversing with their alter ego, or with a disembodied entity such as a spirit, or perhaps a guiding force from within: â€Å"The voice seemed to resonate inside her: Go forth, and fear not.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing Prompts 10150 Idioms About Roads and Paths50+ Words That Describe Animals (Including Humans)

Answering questions regarding personal statement 1 Essay

Answering questions regarding personal statement 1 - Essay Example Additionally, I know my rights and privileges as an employee. Such knowledge will ensure that I create effective labor relations at the company thereby enhancing my productivity at the company. I understand the dictates of professionalism, codes of conduct and the ethics of the practice. I am a quick learner thus best suited for employment. The feedbacks show that I am a visionary and self-aware individual. I have immense passion and have a clear roadmap of how to achieve my dreams. I systematically cultivated my love for electronics and am currently seeking admission to pursue a degree in engineering. This shows my dedication, hard work and adaptability. However, the feedback further shows that I have to enhance my commitment and interact with like-minded individuals who would help increase my productivity both in school work and later at a place of work. I am extremely ambitious a feature that may turn to an obsession. As such, I need to engage in other extracurricular activities to help balance my interests and ambitions. Furthermore, co-curricular activities would help transform me into a holistic, healthy and mentally alert individual thus improving my productivity. I could have provided better evidence by limiting the examples and evidence to the most essential. Apparently, I created a lengthy document consisting of a number of unrelated features. In future, I will ensure to include the essential details that have a direct correlation to the job. With few yet appropriate evidence, I will explain the relationship between the evidence and my abilities effectively thereby succeeding in presenting my strengths and abilities succinctly. Additionally, I will explain the evidence chronologically by ensuring that they portray my development goals and future aspirations. In my future studies at LJMU, I will strive to develop my skills by deciding to specialize in a course that will enhance my

IPhone 6 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

IPhone 6 - Research Paper Example As such, Apple discharges an item when it’s great and complete (Boxall para2) Apple usually releases a new iPhone around September (Lutlow para3). This time, it is said that Apple is going to break that cycle. It is said because the iPhone 6 is to a great extent a complimentary item to the iPhone 5S, giving individuals a decision of screen sizes, the debates I going on in the market place that Apple will be releasing another model of smartphone shortly (Lutlow para4). So far it is speculated that the release date of iPhone 6 would be around May, June and July. The information is conflicted so nobody knows the actual launch date (Johnson para1). In May it was generally reported that Apple will propel the iPhone 6 in August. (Judge para2) Inventory network sources in Taiwan affirmed a 4.7 inch rendition of the iPhone 6 might propel in August with a bigger 5.5 inch new model in late September (Johnson para1) Approximately 80 million iPhone 6 handsets will be handled before the end of 2014, as indicated by sources identifying with the Economic Daily News. (Johnson para3) An August launch might be a break from custom for Apple, the iPhone 5, 5s and 5c all released in September. Usually the design of a product that is used by Apple is applicable for two iterations, before it brings out something different and new. (Lutlow para2) It can be seen in iPhone 5 and iPhone 5s and now Apple is going for a new look for iPhone 6, which is understandable (Lutlow para1). According to one rumor the designs of iPod Nano and iPhone 5C are taken by Apple for the iPhone 6. (Goodwin para3) Another rumor was published in the Japanese blog Macotakara which stated that Apple will replicate the colors of iPhone 5C, which will give people the choice of selecting colors for their phones (Goodwin para3). The body of iPhone 5C was made of plastic which might not be the reasonable choice for iPhone 6 since it’s a high-end smartphone. (Epstein para2) This

Grant Review and Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Grant Review and Evaluation - Essay Example The scrutiny is necessary because I will not entrust an unknown organization (Sargeant & Lee, 2004) with my money and I need to ensure that I am giving my money to the people who will use it for human welfare only. Frankly speaking I do not trust the organization at this point and will need proof of its effectiveness regarding the ability to serve suffering children in the future. The human value of compassion has compelled me to grant you the money (Canda, 1988) because I have to respond to the noble cause of serving unfortunate children; but I can practice compassion by granting you the least possible amount and my compassion will grow as your operations will expand and become more effective in attainment of the objectives. I am talking openly in this regard due to my sincere intentions and wishes to see your organization in a better and respectable position and I want you to give me more reason to give you more funds. To prove your claim of serving the unfortunate children, you actions and their consequences should bring forth positive results; which are as yet lacking. Furthermore, I pardon about my extremely ruthless behavior but I feel that my actions are necessary in order to make you thrive as an organization. I would like you to work hard in order to win the confidence of donors, thus paving the way for further funding. I wish you good luck in your quest for excellence in the field of humanitarian relief activities. Additionally, I request you to arrange my visit of the facility you are running so that I can evaluate your outlook and performance as it may motivate me to offer more funding in the future. Moreover, to evaluate the living conditions of the children living at your establishment, I need to interview a few children. This will enable me to get a first-hand knowledge of the conditions of the children who are being supported by your

The best counsellor is a friend Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The best counsellor is a friend - Essay Example Counseling is considered as teamwork between the client and the counselor which helps the client develop and make positive changes in his approach to life. However, counseling is only considered effective if it brought out an expansion of worldview to both client and counselor. Nowadays, counseling is considered an important profession. Counseling is undertaken by professionals like social workers, psychologists, and even teachers. The knowledge and expertise of these professionals help so much in attaining the ultimate goal of counseling. Their educational background and experiences become important cornerstones which help them develop the proper approach in counseling as well as fully analyse the client's needs. However, this paper argues that still, the best counselor is a friend because a friend has all the important characteristics and attributes that a counselor must have in order to be efficient. A counselor and a client must have a good relationship as rapport has a huge role to play in attaining positive results (Lambert 1992). Friendship binds individuals, cultivate trust and confidence, and welcome the outbursts of strong emotions which usually come with counseling. Thus, the presence of friendly relation between clients and counselor can result to more favorable results in counseling. C. Raymond Beran (n.d.) painted a portrait of a true friend in this famous composition: What is a friend I will tell you. It is a person with whom you dare to be yourself. Your soul can be naked with him. He seems to ask of you to put on nothing, only to be what you are. He does not want you to be better or worse. When you are with him, you feel as a prisoner feels who has been declared innocent. You do not have to be on your guard. You can say what you think, so long as it is genuinely you. He understands those contradictions in your nature that lead others to misjudge you. With him you breathe freely. You can avow your little vanities and envies and hates and vicious sparks, your meanness and absurdities and, in opening them up to him, they are lost, dissolved on the white ocean of his loyalty. He understands. You do not have to be careful. You can abuse him, neglect him, tolerate him. Best of all, you can keep still with him. It makes no matter. He likes you. He is like fire that purges to the bone. He understands. You can weep with him, sin with him, laugh with him, pray with him. Through it all - and underneath - he sees, knows and loves you. A friend What is a friend Just one, I repeat, with whom you dare to be yourself. Beran's composition highlights and emphasizes the role of a friend in an individual's life. A friend, as described above is an individual to whom someone can freely open up without any pretense. A friend is someone whom a person can trust and have confidence in. A friend is someone who is always there and will willingly understand what his friend is going through. Another important aspect highlighted by Beran is the friend's knowledge about his friend. A friend, according to Beran "sees, knows, and loves you" and "understands those contradictions in your nature that lead others to misjudge you." Thus, a friend is someone who has an adequate knowledge and genuinely understands his friend. It is also significant to mention how a friend feels when he is with his

Discuss critically the idea of popular art in Africa Essay

Discuss critically the idea of popular art in Africa - Essay Example among artists who had come through the Fine Art departments of West African universities, and who sometimes began to write or speak as if we should thus omit these forms of practice from consideration as ‘art.’ Susan Vogel’s 1991 Africa Explores was criticised in precisely this way, for placing artists who were in some sense part of an international art world in the same space with sign painters. Indeed, one might have all sorts of reasons for being critical of it, but one achievement of Africa Explores was to show that the diverse forms comprising the category ‘popular’ had little or nothing in common, other than their location in a largely urban environment; and yet, in practice, printmaking, sign painting, photography, masquerade, textile design, etc, may well subsist as parts of a common set of visual environments; and yet, while possibly functionally inter-related within local art worlds at some level ,for example one medium as source material fo r another, each will have its own developmental trajectory. In this essay I will discuss the idea of ‘popular’ art in Africa. I will first focus on popular arts in West Africa then I will move onto the popular arts in Central Africa. Following this, I will discuss Primitivism and the Magiciens De La Terre event in 1989 and lastly, conclude that popular art are also much more than constellations of social, political, and economic relationships — they are expressive acts. Their most important attribute is their power to communicate. African art takes many forms and is made from many different materials. Jewellery is a popular art form and is used to indicate rank, affiliation with a group, or purely for aesthetics. African jewellery is made from such diverse materials as Tigers eye stone, haematite, sisal, coconut shell, beads and ebony wood. Sculptures can be wooden, ceramic or carved out of stone like the famous Shona sculptures and decorated or sculpted pottery comes from many regions. Various forms

The best counsellor is a friend Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The best counsellor is a friend - Essay Example Counseling is considered as teamwork between the client and the counselor which helps the client develop and make positive changes in his approach to life. However, counseling is only considered effective if it brought out an expansion of worldview to both client and counselor. Nowadays, counseling is considered an important profession. Counseling is undertaken by professionals like social workers, psychologists, and even teachers. The knowledge and expertise of these professionals help so much in attaining the ultimate goal of counseling. Their educational background and experiences become important cornerstones which help them develop the proper approach in counseling as well as fully analyse the client's needs. However, this paper argues that still, the best counselor is a friend because a friend has all the important characteristics and attributes that a counselor must have in order to be efficient. A counselor and a client must have a good relationship as rapport has a huge role to play in attaining positive results (Lambert 1992). Friendship binds individuals, cultivate trust and confidence, and welcome the outbursts of strong emotions which usually come with counseling. Thus, the presence of friendly relation between clients and counselor can result to more favorable results in counseling. C. Raymond Beran (n.d.) painted a portrait of a true friend in this famous composition: What is a friend I will tell you. It is a person with whom you dare to be yourself. Your soul can be naked with him. He seems to ask of you to put on nothing, only to be what you are. He does not want you to be better or worse. When you are with him, you feel as a prisoner feels who has been declared innocent. You do not have to be on your guard. You can say what you think, so long as it is genuinely you. He understands those contradictions in your nature that lead others to misjudge you. With him you breathe freely. You can avow your little vanities and envies and hates and vicious sparks, your meanness and absurdities and, in opening them up to him, they are lost, dissolved on the white ocean of his loyalty. He understands. You do not have to be careful. You can abuse him, neglect him, tolerate him. Best of all, you can keep still with him. It makes no matter. He likes you. He is like fire that purges to the bone. He understands. You can weep with him, sin with him, laugh with him, pray with him. Through it all - and underneath - he sees, knows and loves you. A friend What is a friend Just one, I repeat, with whom you dare to be yourself. Beran's composition highlights and emphasizes the role of a friend in an individual's life. A friend, as described above is an individual to whom someone can freely open up without any pretense. A friend is someone whom a person can trust and have confidence in. A friend is someone who is always there and will willingly understand what his friend is going through. Another important aspect highlighted by Beran is the friend's knowledge about his friend. A friend, according to Beran "sees, knows, and loves you" and "understands those contradictions in your nature that lead others to misjudge you." Thus, a friend is someone who has an adequate knowledge and genuinely understands his friend. It is also significant to mention how a friend feels when he is with his

Final work Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Final work - Assignment Example Underwriting of the common stock will provide a clear insurance issued by the underwriter to Khan Unlimited that the common stock offered to the public and shareholders will be subscribed in a full amount. Underwriting is also a perfect option since it ensures that Khan Unlimited in case the common stock offered by the company are not subscribed by public to the degree, the share balance will be taken by the company. Additionally, the alternative is perfect since, the underwriter will have a lower net worth and the total obligation of the writer will not exceed 20 times the net worth of the underwriter. Consequently, the company chose the option since the alternative will undertake in guaranteeing the whole or section of the issued common stock as the public will not take the common stock. Therefore, the company will be relieved from the pressure of security marketing and market uncertainty. The underwriting option will help Khan Unlimited to fulfill the statutory guidelines of reduc ed subscription. The underwriting alternative guarantees the capital adequacy and helps the organization to raise capital. Subsequently, most investors believe in issuing securities when guaranteed by established underwriters. The underwriting will assure that there is quick sale of common stocks in the market. The underwriter will stimulate the industrial development and subsequently create opportunities in the nation. This option relieves the organization the uncertainty and risk of marketing the common stock. The underwriters have a specialized knowledge in the market. The underwriters offer valuable advice to Khan Unlimited when preparing the prospectus, floatation time, and security prices. The experts also offer publicity services to the organization which they are in agreement with. This option also assists in financing the new enterprise and expanding the existing projects. Khan Unlimited used this alternative in building the confidence of investors when

Spinal Stenosis Essay Example for Free

Spinal Stenosis Essay False teachers were saying that self-control was not needed because deeds do not help the believers anyway. Peter continued to encourage believers to remain strong in their faith, by condemning the false teachers and defending the Parousia doctrine and difficulties of the last days. quickstudy. com) John also wrote a letter to the believers to get them back on track, to show the difference between light and darkness, and to encourage the church to grow in genuine love for God and for one another. This letter was to also assure the believers of eternal life and genuine faith so they could enjoy the full benefit of their position of children of god. A second letter was written to warn believers against supporting false teachers. John also addressed the importance of Christian responsibility to support preachers and missionaries. Later John wrote a third letter addressed to Galius, the importance of hospitality, in which Galius was later commended for. Diotrephes was condemned for his lack of hospitality and wanting to take control of the church. (3 John 9:10) The sins of the church such as pride, jealousy, and slander are still present in the church. This problem had to be confronted, so that it will not continue to grow in the church. A short letter was written by Jude, who is the brother of James and half brother of Jesus†, denouncing an unidentified group of heretics and defending Christian’s traditions. (quickstudy. com) Jude illustrates attitudes from typical false teachers, which are pride, jealousy, greed, lust for power, and disregard of God’s will. Jude gives examples: 1) Cain, who murdered his brother out of vengeful jealousy (Genesis 4:1-16) 2) Balaam, who prophesied out of gre ed, not out of obedience to God’s command (Numbers 22-24). The Revelations was written by John to assure Christians the return of Christ and unveiling of hidden realities. (quickstudy. com) He denounces evil and exhorts people to high Christian standards. He offers hope rather than gloom, John was not attempting to predict the future; he was only describing what God had shown. In conclusion the letters written by Paul, Peter, John and Jude were to make the believers aware of the problems in the church. Those letters were also intended to assure Christians of triumph of Christ through the apostles and symbols. Near the end of John’s life he received a vision from God, John then recorded and wrote the book of Revelation. The Revelation was probably the last works by the church in the first century. References: Life application study bible- NIV. (2005). Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale Publishers. Niswonger, R. (1992). New Testament history. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Smith

Advantages And Disadvantages Ajax And Flex Flash Computer Science Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Ajax And Flex Flash Computer Science Essay Ajax and Adobes Flash Flex are both used to create dynamic and interactive web applications. Both are platform independent i.e. contents will render the same across different platforms and permits for interface animation. There are many similarities between the two. However, there are considerable differences as well. Say for example, Flash is animation format software that allows for fast download of animation files in a resizable format in order to facilitate files be downloaded over a regular modem connection. Flash creates better interactivity by encoding information in smaller files. Flex technologies developed by Macromedia (now acquired by Adobe) aimed to build Rich Internet Applications (RIAs). On the other hand Ajax is more of a methodology to create RIAs. To create more responsive and interactive web applications, Ajax uses a combination of DHTML, XHTML or XML, CSS, and DOM (Direct Object Model) with XMLHttpRequest and JavaScript. Ajax functions transparently i.e. facilitate behind the scene communication between the server and browser. This report discusses both Ajax and Flash/Flex technology as they battle in making Rich Internet Application(s). Both Ajax and Flex can execute similar functions. However, there are few advantages and disadvantages to both refer to Table-1 for comparisons. 2. What is Ajax? Ajax is a set of technologies which allows a website to be very responsive. Most importantly Ajax supports asynchronous communication and also partial refresh of a web page. Here Partial refresh means; when an interaction event is invoked, for e.g. when a user enters information into a form on a web page and clicks a Submit Button. The server processes the keyed information and returns a partial response specific to the data it receives (See Figure-2). Notably, the server does not transmit back an entire page, compared to the traditional web application which is Click, Wait, and Refresh (See Figure-1), instead, only part of the page is updated. The web application that uses Ajax is events and data driven, where as conventional web applications are driven by pages. Full page refresh Synchronous Time Client click à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.waità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..refresh click à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.waità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..refresh click Server Data transfer Data transfer Server-side processing Server-side processing Figure-1: Classic Web Application Model Synchronous Communication Partial UI updates Client Time Server Asynchronous Data transfer Data transfer Server-side Processing Server-side Processing Browser UI Ajax Engine User events UI updates Figure-2: Ajax Model Partial UI updates and Asynchronous Communication 2.1. Ajax Asynchronous Asynchronous means after sending data to the server, a client can continue to perform other things whilst the server continues to do its processing in the background. Such as, a user can continue to move the mouse over a map in google website and notice a smooth, uninterrupted change in the display. Compared to the traditional, synchronous, approach here the clients do not have to wait for a response from the server before continuing. Figure 1 and Figure-2 illustrates a Classical vs Ajax web application interaction. An additional significant feature of Ajax-enabled sites is that when an event is triggered, responses from Ajax are not restricted to submitting data in a form or clicking on a link. An Ajax response can be triggered in various number of ways such as moving a mouse over to a particular area on a web page, entering part of an entry in a text field, or dragging a map around with a cursor in Google Map etc. With these cool dynamic interactions among the user and the web page excels web applications nearer to what users experience in rich desktop applications. 2.2. Ajax Technologies at a glance The technologies included in Ajax are as follows: Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) a markup language designed for defining a page presentation style, such as colors and fonts etc. JavaScript a scripting language. XMLHttpRequest is one element of JavaScript technology that is the key to Ajax. It is an object which facilitates to exchange data between the client and the server respectively. Document Object Model (DOM) presents a logical view of a web page in a tree structure. XML the format for transmitting inform from the web server to the client. Nevertheless, other formats such as HTML, plain text or JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) can also be used. Like other web applications, Ajax-enabled web application uses markup languages such as HTML or XHTML to present web pages. Java Server Pages (JSP) as server-side technology can be used to generate web pages. Moreover, server side application systems play an important role in processing Ajax applications. Server side application system such Java2EE, which includes support for user identity management, data validation, and persistence, fits very well with the Ajax methodology Ed Ort (2006). Figure-3: illustrates how all these technologies work collectively to handle a user action. 2.3. Ajax Architecture Browser Client XMLHttpRequest XMLHttpRequest Callback ( ) User Interface Server-side Systems Web and / XML Server Data Stores 1 23 3 4 5 6 HTML + CSS data JavaScript call HTTP Request XML Data JavaScript call HTML CSS Data Data Exchange Figure-3: How Ajax Technologies Handle a User Action A user generates an event on the client (such as entering data to a text field or click a button). This results in a JavaScript function call. an XMLHttpRequest object on the client side is created and configured with a requested parameter and specifies a JavaScript technology callback ( ) function. The XMLHttpRequest object makes an asynchronous HTTP request to the web server. The web server processes the request and returns an XML document that contains the result. The XMLHttpRequest object calls the callback ( ) function, it receives the data and processes the result. The HTML DOM is updated. 2.4. Ajax and Server-Side Java Technologies The technologies that are included in Ajax are either client technologies such as JavaScript technology, or like XML are relevant to the interchange of data between the client and server. The request to the server that the XMLHttpRequest object makes is an HTTP request to the server, handling an Ajax request is similar to handling an HTTP request from a conventional web application. Hence, any server technology can be used to handle the request, including server-side Java technologies such as servlets, JSP and Java Server Faces (JSF) technology. Java Server Faces technology and other Java EE technologies that include support for data validation, user identity management, and persistence, are particularly well-suited for Ajax. For example, a servlet can be used to process a request, manage state for the client, access enterprise resources, and generate the XML for the response. Or a custom Java Server Faces components can be created to handle server-side processing as well as encapsulate the JavaScript technology and CSS for client-side processing. In fact, a library of Ajax-enabled custom Java Server Faces components are already available as part of the Java Blueprints Solutions Catalogue. 3. Flex/Flash 3.1. Background Adobe Flash Professional Multi-Media authoring program developed in 1996 by Macromedia and was acquired by Adobe in 2006. Flash is used to create content for the Adobe engagement Platform. One of the Flashs greatest strength is ease of development. They are very well-liked for creating HTML applications and are hence very significant to web development. Often assist to automate tasks, making web programming and usability faster. For adding animation and interactivity to a web site Flash is one of a well known method. However, it is currently contributions toward developing RIAs (Rich Internet Applications). The release of Adobe Flex technology directly responds to RIA development. Flex is precisely where Flash meets with Ajax. Both technologies aim towards creating RIAs. Flex mechanism is on the presentation level of an RIA. It is a vendor specific product which means it is not free and requires purchase. 4. Comparison between Ajax and Flex Flex is rendered through Flash Player while Ajax is renders through a browser. Flash Player plug-in required for browsers. Plug-ins allows users to supplement web applications with other programs to perform specified functions. However, Ajax does not require the downloading of applications as JavaScript is natively supported by modern browsers. It simply accesses the Web as they are requested. Ajax requires more program writing and coding, provides full CSS and DHTML (dynamic HTML) support. Flex/Flash application platforms are browser and platform independent. In Ajax applications, the browser is the platform. Table-1 illustrates the comparisons on features between Ajax and Flash. Table-1: Comparisons on features between Ajax and Flex/Flash Features Ajax Flex/Flash Audio Supported through external plug-ins (Media Player). Support embedded flash audio. Dynamically load audio. Browser Integration JavaScript natively supported by modern browsers. Flash player plug-in is required. Compatibility Issues Major compatibility differences between browser versions. Minor variations between versions of Flash. CSS Full Support. Limited Support. Programming Model JavaScript. ActionScript. Video Supported through external plug-ins (Media Player). Dynamically load FLV video files or embedded videos. Text Powerful layout capabilities. Text API mimics some HTML functionality. XML Full Support. MXML Not supported natively by JavaScript. Vector Graphics No. Full Support. 4.1. Key Difference The following are key differences on developing Ajax and Flex based online applications: Free and Proprietary One of the biggest features of Ajax is that there are many freely available useful tools online. There is no need for additional IDE in Ajax, as the major components of this technique simply need leveraging. On the other hand Flex is a proprietary tool so developers have to spend a bit to use this development format. A paid tool assures functioning tool to developers. Supports for freely available may not be available. Learning Requirement Flex is already popular to various developers particularly those who have already worked with Flash. Combine this fact with the available platform; developers can expect implementation of Flex based application faster. Ajax, on the other hand, will require more from their developers. Those who wanted to create the application manually, without the assistance of frameworks, will find the task of creating Ajax based applications difficult. This is the reason why Frameworks and libraries are created. Data vs. Looks although each development form can be used for data and its looks, Ajax is more proficient in handling and manipulating data. As an online application, various functions, variables and objects are available and they are simply created to manipulate data. Flex on the other hand, is very useful in creating great looking websites. The reason for this expertise is from that fact that it traces its roots from Flash. 4.2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Ajax and Flex/Flash Advantages Disadvantages Ajax Decrease in bandwidth use. Complex. Requires more coding. Flex/Flash Adobe MXML and Flex allows the integration of internet applications through a variety of desktop functions. Flex has the advantage of Flash player being installed on over 90% of browsers. Support for webcam and microphone. Present information in a visually rich interface. Asynchronous Video and audio integration with the Flex API is very simple and straightforward Flex might not handle lots of records easily. Flex does not read or write files to end-users computer. This is a restriction of Flash Player. More CPU usage. Lack of support for multi-threading. ActionScript is a lot heavier compared to JavaScript. No DOM Model Binary Sockets, cross-domain Access Policy Local Storage JavaScript/ActionScript Integration, E4X Flash Vector graphics APIs Rich components Object model access Data-stores, backend processing, legacy systems Web and/or XML server Browser Client User Interface Ajax Engine JavaScript call HTML + CSS data Server-Side Systems Conclusions This paper has presented an overview of the AJAX technique for developing interactive web applications. Ideas of how to introduce the AJAX approach in teaching web development and examples for lab sessions have been suggested. Incorporating popular technologies into the computing courses appears to motivate the students and in the same time it helps them understand better fundamental theoretical concepts. The AJAX technology requires relatively little new knowledge and can be easily included in teaching web development by focusing on specific parts of existing technologies and demonstrating appropriate applications. The challenge is the constant need of updating the material and selecting relevant examples and tools. However, the experience of learning new technologies and related applications has been rewarding and exciting. The material presented here could be used as an example of embedding emerging technologies in the computing curriculum through existing modules. Although JavaScript has been developed into greater heights, ActionScript is continuously being developed by Adobe. Today, ActionScript could be easily compared to JavaScript as each of these RIA (Rich Internet Application) programming languages has their own advantages and disadvantages. Depending on the need of the developers, they should be able to select which programming language to select.

AMMONIUM NITRATE :: essays research papers

SCIENCE REPORT AMMONIUM NITRATE NH4NO3 Problem Our task was to investigate what the optimum ratio of solute to solvent that will produce the maximum cooling/heating effect? Hypothesis With a smaller quantity of water (50mls) and the same amount of Ammonium Nitrate added. After any period of time the mixture will be a cooler temperature than that of a mixture with a larger quantity of water. Variables „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Water „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Teaspoons „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ammonium Nitrate „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thermometer „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stirring (used thermometer) „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Changed/Uncontrolled Variables -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The amount of times the mixture was stirred. We stirred the mixture until the Ammonium Nitrate was dissolved, so the amount of times we stirred after each teaspoon was different. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each teaspoon may not have been equal. Measurements were made based on judgment and not exact measurements. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Controlled Variables -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amount of water used in each test was equal (100mls and 50mls). -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Total amount of Ammonium Nitrate used (150grams). -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Temperature was measured after and exact time i.e. 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes. Equipment Trial test „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 thermometer „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 plastic teaspoon „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Safety glasses „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100ml beaker „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  30mls of water „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 graduated cylinder „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 stirring rod First Test „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 thermometer „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 plastic teaspoon „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 stop watch „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 stirring rod „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Safety glasses X3 (one for each group member) „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  250ml beaker „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 graduated cylinder „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  150 grams of Ammonium Nitrate „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100mls of water Second Test „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 thermometer „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 plastic teaspoon „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 stop watch „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 stirring rod „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Safety glasses X3 (one for each group member) „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100ml beaker „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 graduated cylinder „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  leftover from original 150 grams of Ammonium Nitrate „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  50mls of water NOTE: The stirring rod was not used in the First and Second experiments, as it was not available. A substitute we used the thermometer. Methods Trial Test In a 100ml beaker 30mls of water was placed the temperature of the water was recorded. 1 teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate was added to the water and stirred until dissolved. The temperature was then recorded again. This was to see the difference between the initial temperature and the final temperature. First Test In a 250ml beaker place 100mls of water, measure the temperature of the water and record this initial temperature onto a table. Set the timer and add one teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate to the water, stir this continuously until the Ammonium Nitrate has dissolved. After 1 minute measure the temperature and record it, do this for a further 2 minutes (3 minutes in total). Repeat this process for a total of 10 teaspoons. Second Test In a 100ml beaker place 50mls of water, measure the temperature of the water and record this initial temperature onto a table. Set the timer and add one teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate to the water, stir this continuously until the Ammonium Nitrate has dissolved. AMMONIUM NITRATE :: essays research papers SCIENCE REPORT AMMONIUM NITRATE NH4NO3 Problem Our task was to investigate what the optimum ratio of solute to solvent that will produce the maximum cooling/heating effect? Hypothesis With a smaller quantity of water (50mls) and the same amount of Ammonium Nitrate added. After any period of time the mixture will be a cooler temperature than that of a mixture with a larger quantity of water. Variables „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Water „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Teaspoons „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ammonium Nitrate „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thermometer „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stirring (used thermometer) „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Changed/Uncontrolled Variables -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The amount of times the mixture was stirred. We stirred the mixture until the Ammonium Nitrate was dissolved, so the amount of times we stirred after each teaspoon was different. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each teaspoon may not have been equal. Measurements were made based on judgment and not exact measurements. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Controlled Variables -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amount of water used in each test was equal (100mls and 50mls). -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Total amount of Ammonium Nitrate used (150grams). -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Temperature was measured after and exact time i.e. 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes. Equipment Trial test „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 thermometer „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 plastic teaspoon „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Safety glasses „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100ml beaker „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  30mls of water „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 graduated cylinder „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 stirring rod First Test „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 thermometer „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 plastic teaspoon „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 stop watch „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 stirring rod „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Safety glasses X3 (one for each group member) „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  250ml beaker „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 graduated cylinder „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  150 grams of Ammonium Nitrate „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100mls of water Second Test „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 thermometer „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 plastic teaspoon „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 stop watch „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 stirring rod „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Safety glasses X3 (one for each group member) „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100ml beaker „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 graduated cylinder „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  leftover from original 150 grams of Ammonium Nitrate „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  50mls of water NOTE: The stirring rod was not used in the First and Second experiments, as it was not available. A substitute we used the thermometer. Methods Trial Test In a 100ml beaker 30mls of water was placed the temperature of the water was recorded. 1 teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate was added to the water and stirred until dissolved. The temperature was then recorded again. This was to see the difference between the initial temperature and the final temperature. First Test In a 250ml beaker place 100mls of water, measure the temperature of the water and record this initial temperature onto a table. Set the timer and add one teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate to the water, stir this continuously until the Ammonium Nitrate has dissolved. After 1 minute measure the temperature and record it, do this for a further 2 minutes (3 minutes in total). Repeat this process for a total of 10 teaspoons. Second Test In a 100ml beaker place 50mls of water, measure the temperature of the water and record this initial temperature onto a table. Set the timer and add one teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate to the water, stir this continuously until the Ammonium Nitrate has dissolved.

Accounting Is Dubbed “Language” of Business Activities

Essential link in objectives of business —–‘Accounting is dubbed â€Å"language† of business activities conducted by firms as it is used to communicate business transactions per se to all stakeholders’ According to Weygand, Kieso and Kimmel (2012, p. 4), the main purpose of accounting is consists of three basic activities, identifying, recording and communicating the business events by users. These three activities help the firm to operate the business to make decision be meaningful. Business has closely connection when doing transaction with their stakeholders by using the accounting, in order to make maximize profits.Role of firm Firm (also known as business or enterprise) is an organization involved trade goods and services to consumers. Business use different models and plans to figure out their target and outcome, in order to achieve organizational goal and achieve sufficient profit to finance our company growth, which create value and wealth fo r our shareholders. There are three forms of ownership, proprietorship, partnership and corporation. Every type of business receives different targets and objectives; it is because the employer or shareholder is taking different level of risk and responsible.Each organization’s employer sets its objectives to overcome difficulties. It relates to produce in different firms with different types products and how to satisfied their consumer, such as restaurant produce well-prepared food to hungry customers and cars factory fabrication and assembly of cars to produce in high-quality to buyers. Therefore, the method used or issued meet should be different. Each type of business system will meet different levels of target. The objective, however, is quite similar to each other. As Edmonds, McNair and Olds (2006, p. ) mentioned, in most cases, the companies aim to satisfy consumer preferences efficiently (at lowest cost) and aftermath with higher earnings. During business transaction , the main purpose for firms is to obtain maximize profits and the buyers to pay at least amount of money. Otherwise, the loss will lead firms be bankrupt and result in unemployment rate increased. Business Transactions Business transactions are recording the business’s economic events by accountant. The economic events such as transaction are passing through accounting process of organization to users.The accountant records the transaction when the financial position (assets, liabilities or equity) of the company changed. In addition, the accounting equation must include the transactions, two or more items, which have dual effect and could be affected. There are two types of transactions which called external and internal. External transaction is record business events between the company and some outside enterprise. For example, LMS pizza shop purchases of cooking machine (equipment) from a supplier, and then sale the piazzas to customers are related to external transaction s.Different to external transaction, internal transactions are economic events that occur all within one company. The use of cooking and washing machine (supplies) are internal transactions for this company. However, the company must analyze each event to illustrate if it affects the components of the accounting equation. For example, the company ordered additional films at $1000. This event will not be record. In the reason, the company’s financial position does not change during this activity. But if there is deposit that company needs to pay.Then the accountant should record this transaction. The accountant has ability to decide which transaction should be record. Determine the Value changing International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) companies can apply fair value to property, plant, equipment and natural resources. The companies can sell the assets to fair value at the reporting data. If revaluation is used, business needs to follow the revaluation procedures. As sets that are experiencing rapid price changes must be revalued on an annual basis. Otherwise, less frequent revaluation is acceptable.However, most companies choose to remain the original cost they paid instead to revalue. It is faithful to represent the fair value and the negative effects on the net income. Business should evaluate the faithful representation and relevance of trades-off in any case and determine the importance that the company considered at. To illustrate asset revaluation accounting, assume that an organization called as LMS pizza shop, they purchased the used machine to making pizza for $10,000 on March 11, 2013. But at the end of May 2013, the cooking machine is increased its wealth value to $13,000.At this time, the accountant has two decisions to record this value changed. One is to revalue the price and another one is to keep it remains the same. However, this action should consider by the company own perspective. It is because the revaluation is affecting t he net income. In the short summary, if it is the case that the value falls, the company gets positive effects on the net income. Otherwise, the company obtains negative effects on the net income. Finally, the company can fetch a higher price if sold the assets at the reporting date. Essential link in objectives of businessTarget as the core of growth for companies. During operation, companies have many decision-makings, like which firm is better to award of contract and which firm can bring most benefits. These decisions are related to company’s benefit (profit), which are the business objectives. This is because the business objectives are the main purpose for running business to obtain maximum profit at lowest cost. The statement is more clearly to anyone, even who outside the organization. It is benefit for everyone to use the information of financial accounting.Especially is for investors, creditors and other external users. That is all of the fundament about financial a ccounting. According to IFRS, there are two measurement principles they usually use, the historical cost principle or the fair value principle. By using these two principles, company can clearly be seen in the earning profit or loss. According to Williams, financial accounting is wide range uses in the business community nowadays (Williams et. al, 2011). Any decisions that the business makes need to concern about all of three activities in accounting quation. The companies all predicate of the objectives that is bringing as much as profit to them. Summary Accounting as a major indicator for simply convenient operation and shorten the time to achieve company’s goals. It is not only a kind of business language, but also a tool for measuring the target for company. As a business tool, it help employer to narrow the distance with all stakeholders in any transactions, hence to help achievement of objective and then obtain higher rate of return in anytime. Words: 1068Reference * We ygandt, J, Kieso, E& Kimmel, D (2012), Financial Accounting (IFRS edition). WILEY. USA * Edmonds, T, Edmonds, C, McNair, F& Olds, P, (2006), Fundamental Financial Accounting Concepts (5th edition) McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. New York * Williams, Haka, Bettner, and Carcello (2011), Financial Accounting: Including IFRS, Financial Accounting (Fourteenth Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. New York * International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), retrieved from http://www. iasb. org/

If you don’t believe in God, there is no point getting married

If I wanted to get married to someone but neither of us believed in God and then someone told us that there is no point getting married because we don't believe in God, I would obviously not love the person very much. If I had just accepted that and told the person I was engaged to that the wedding is off, then I wouldn't care about them very much in the first place if I didn't even think about what the person had told me properly. If you love someone and they ask you to marry them, could you not believing in God really destroy your marriage? Marriage is about love and promising to stay with that person for the rest of your life. The fact that someone doesn't believe in God can't force you into thinking that it isn't right to get married. If I had a different view, and thought that if you don't believe in God there is no point getting married, I can see why that is true in some cases. Most people get married in a church and hymns and holy songs can be sung. I could say that if someone didn't believe In God, what right do they have to make a promise in the house of God, which they may or may not keep. In conclusion, I think that Even If you don't believe in God, you should get married. If you really loved someone and really wanted to make that promise, you would step aside from your beliefs and commitments just for that day, so you can stay with the person you love, possibly forever.

Activity Planning, Level 3 Child Care

Activity Planning Sheet – – Name of the activity: Circle/story time. – The number of children involved: 7-8 children. – The age of the children that are taking part: 4-5 years. Area of Learning – This activity will make the children use their imagination, also this activity will get the children to concentrate as they will be thinking about a story to come up with. It will also help the children boost their confidence and their social skills.The early years foundation satge says that you should provide the children with activities that involve turn-taking and sharing in small groups. It also says that the aldut should explain to the children why it is important to pay attention when others are speaking. I think this is great for a circle time activity. Specific Learning Objectives – This activity is good for boosting the children's confidence in themselves and interacting with other children.The early years foundation stage say that adults sh ould provide regular opportunities for children to talk to a small group about something they are interested in or have done, i thought this would be a good idea as the children can put in their own experiences into the story they are making up. This will also encourage the children to listen to others. The main objective of this activity is to get the children to use their imagination, as they are very imaginative. Resources and Equipment –During my activity I'm going to use a small teddy bear for them to pass around the circle when the children are making up their own story, I think this is a good idea as the children will know that they can only talk when they are holding the bear which well help them to share things with other children. This will also help their concentration. While doing this activity I'm going to write down the story that they have made up so they can look back on it or show their parents. Special Considerations –When doing this activity I may co me across a child that is to shy to talk and that doesn't want to take part in the activity. Bringing in a small teddy bear that the children can hold when it's their turn will comfort them and it may even encourage them to take part in the activity. There might be a child in the group that only speak basic English, I'll need to take the child's feelings in to consideration and make sure during the activity I try and get the child involved as much as i can and use signs and facial expressions to help them understand what the story is about.I need to make sure that no one feels left out and that they all have fun. Health and safety – While doing the circle time activity with them i need to make sure that all the children aren't sitting close together in the circle as children get very excited when doing an activity that is fun, we need to prevent any accidents that may happen like bumping in to each other. What is the adult's role in this activity? -Make sure all the children are behaving well and being sensible. Observe the children and learn from the experience. -make sure they are all using appropriate language. -They're all learning at the best of their ability. -Give the children help with their language if they need it. -Be in charge of the group I'm working with and make sure that they are all taking part in the activity. -Give encouragement to all the children especially the children who don't want to take part. -Make sure you follow the activity plan and the schools policies. Make sure all the children have fun!

The components of HRM's success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The components of HRM's success - Essay Example Despite Guest’s hesitancy in concluding that HRM contributes to organisational performance, other scholars provided an empirical link between HRM strategies, policies and practices and certain aspects of individual and organisational performance (Liu et al., 2007; Nohria, Groysberg and Lee, 2008; Huselid, 1995: 635; Wall and Wood, 2005: 430; Pfeffer; and Pfeffer and Veiga 1999). This paper aims to determine HRM issues and to offer some solutions. After reviewing several studies, including opposing ones, HRM systems, policies, and practices are believed to drive company performance through shaping recruitment, selection, and retention strategies that develop engaged and creative employee, who can serve as one of the company’s sustainable competitive advantages. The role of human resource systems in strategic recruitment cannot be undermined (Liu et al., 2007). Recruitment should not be dismissed as something that can easily be outsourced to other parties because recruitm ent strategy should meet existing HR strategy goals. Walker, Bernerth and Tocher (2009) studied job seekers’ organisational attitudes at different phases of the recruitment process by evaluating the interactions among the variables of job seekers’ procedural justice anticipations, procedural justice perceptions and preliminary screening feedback quality. After using two phases of data collection that included 392 participants in phase 1 and 351 in phase 2, findings showed that participants who were engaged in the recruitment process with high procedural justice expectations were more affected by initial screening feedback quality than those with low justice expectations (Walker et al., 2009: 5). Procedural justice perceptions throughout the preliminary screening affected their organisational attitudes (Walker et al., 2009: 5). These authors concluded that how firms recruit candidates can affect the quality of perceptions regarding the organisation (Walker et al., 2009: 6). Rehman (2012) affirmed the same findings for his empirical work on the recruitment efforts of public sector organisations in Pakistan. He discovered that organisations with poor promotion and governance systems tend to recruit fewer competent applicants and tend to have higher turnover rates. Managers must be clear in explaining what they expect from their employees and what employees can expect from the organisation, in terms of rewards, culture and other organisational and managerial factors. HRM managers who carefully carve the right organisational image and job expectations for its employees during the recruitment process can hire high-performing employees than those who do not care on the image and expectations they provide to applicants. HRM affects individual performance through its recruitment strategies because they influence individual decisions through organisational factors, which when affirmed through hiring, can result to employee job satisfaction and retention. H an and Han (2009) explored the relationship between hiring perceptions and retention and found a correlation between the two. Another studies emphasised that in recruiting the right people, job experience, skills, and personality are critical. Newman and Lyon (2009)

The First Arab-Israeli War and the Palestinian Refugee Problem Essay

The First Arab-Israeli War and the Palestinian Refugee Problem - Essay Example After American abandonment of Israel, a Jewish state in the midst of Arab and Palestinian enemies, I agree with you in claiming it was inevitable for Israel to militarize in order to realize and sustain their interests in the Middle East. Finally, even though Israel had to militarize fast, the motive of partitioning remains unknown, and I agree when you claim the war resulted from a multiplicity of factors at local, national, and international levels. For many years, the Middle East has been a region of frequent conflicts, and even today violence beginning with the Arab revolution spread throughout the region with unimaginable consequences of their social, political, economic, and cultural organization. Many wars in the Middle East could be avoided, but local, national, regional and international interests make war inevitable, and I agree when you employ this applies to the first Arab-Israeli War. It is true Palestinians were ill prepared for the war and these questions the motives for the war. I believe the war resulted from differences between Britain and America over the fate of the Middle East. Considering the arms embargo, America’s abandonment of Israel, and disunity between Arab countries about the Palestinian crisis, I agree when you claim Britain, America, and Arab countries were concerned about gaining territorial possessions than they were about the crisis in Palestine. Therefore, the fate of Palestine was influe nced by the interplay between various factors.

Human Nutrition-Supersize Me Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Nutrition-Supersize Me - Movie Review Example This is so huge that it is only second to smoking as a leading, preventable cause of death. In 2007-2008 the estimated prevalence for the years 2007 – 2008, in US has been calculated at 33.8% meaning 33 people out of every hundred must lose weight (Flegal et al, 2010). In the movie another interesting concept had been put forward. American children know more about Ronald McDonald than the forefathers of USA which was shown in one of the scenes where Spurlock shows a couple of pictures to 1st grade children in Worcester, MA. This is due to variety of reasons. Strong media advertising campaign by the company which in 2001 amounted to 1.3 billion dollars. If Britney Spears and other celebrities campaigned for something healthy rather than for ‘Pepsi cola’, then parents would have a good chance in talking some sense into their children. Another interesting thing to note in this movie was a notion that children associated themselves with happy memories of the playhouses accompanying most of the McDonald outlets and later on in life whenever they saw the place, those thoughts are recalled and hence a perpetuation of the cycle of dining at the same place over and over again. Food programs have been shown to be deficient in most of the school s with less focus over fresh fruits and vegetables although costing the same. Physical activity needs of the children must be addressed appropriately in schools with more attention brought to the states who have the highest obesity rates like Mississippi. As part of my personal experience I remember visiting a McDonalds outlet in downtown Manhattan with my parents. I was a 1st grader at that time. I had time of my life that day and still the family album contains my photographs with Ronald McDonald and my happy meal toys. Though I remember losing some of the toys to another kid, still, it did not put me off enough to not think of this place when I am an adult. Those warm feelings come back to me

Small Business Enterprise Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Small Business Enterprise - Case Study Example Good reputation and experience in the industry. Dues to already established positive reputation, further expansion of business involves less risks. Moreover, the managers have experience in the industry, while lack of experience is one of the top reasons of small business failure (Holmes, S. Haswell, S. 1989). High quality of products served. The major reason of coffee shop success is the high quality of food served that results in positive reputation and word of mouth spread of information about services and products offered. While, undoubtedly, there is a vast number of factors that have a positive influence on business functioning, the coffee shop has significant drawbacks that should be particularly considered when planning expansion. Poor marketing campaign. The business has to concentrate on development of the marketing mix alongside with research of the target audience needs. The issue is particularly relevant due to the fact that the target audience of the gift shop is mainly tourists; consequently, word of mouth recommendations are not sufficient enough. The variety of products offered at the gift shop should also be considered in relation to the target audience needs, perhaps, the products list offered should be expanded. Poor labor specialization. Bob and Jane are the only two employees of the business. While their day to day duties involve simple serving work, obviously, the personnel are too qualified for this type of work. By hiring helpers that would serve at the coffee and gift shop, the managers could devote more time to marketing and planning of their business, thus, the efficiency of the business would grow. This issue is particularly relevant when considering business expansion. In order to neutralize the negative effects of business weaknesses, the identified strengths should be matched against weaknesses and on the base of the received outcome further planning should be implemented (Bannock, G. 2005). The effect of poor marketing campaign can be neutralized by further development of positive reputation of the business in the industry alongside with conducting marketing research in access of funds available in terms of the geographic location of the business. Poor labor specialization can be matched against high quality of products served alongside with positive reputation of the business in the industry, since expansion of the business will most likely result in diminished contacts with clients (Bitner, L. Powell, J. 1987). Part II: Existing Business Improvement and Expansion Consequently, the business should concentrate on development of the marketing mix applicable in the present situation alongside with marketing planning and labor specialization that should be considered in terms of business expansion. While development of the marketing mix and marketing campaign as well as research of the present market should be outsourced to the third party, e. g. marketing agency, such issues as financial planning and staffing should be directly solved by the management. Marketing and promotion is crucial to any business. Development of

Should the U.S. lower the drinking age to 18 Research Paper

Should the U.S. lower the drinking age to 18 - Research Paper Example In the 1970s , the drinking age was reduced to 18 , as this was followed by many of the states so that the individuals be given the right under the Twenty Sixth Amendment passage. There are some states which give the permission to the 18 year olds to be present in the places where alcohol beverages are consumed , even if they are not consuming the beverages themselves and sometimes even give them the permission to work as bar tenders , serving the beverages. Whereas there are some states which give the permission to the 21 year olds to consume the alcohol beverages on the private property with the permission or the supervision of a family member. (Williams, Elizabeth M, and Stephanie J. Carter. The A-Z Encyclopedia of Food Controversies and the Law. Santa Barbara, Calif: Greenwood/ABC-CLIO, 2011.) Despite the specific changes made by the federal law there are about thirty states within the United States which give the permission to the individuals of the 21 years age or over to consu me the alcohol under the supervision of a family member or with the consent of their parents. ... lif: Greenwood/ABC-CLIO, 2011.) There have been many arguments and the debates that the minimum age of drinking should be reduced so that so that the individuals have the responsibility and staring at an early age will broaden their horizon to the responsible drinking. Amethyst Initiative , which are one of the groups of college educators, have agreed and given the advocacy of the underage drinking. National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism College Drinking Task Force, and Mothers Against Drunk Driving , on the other hand have urged and they advocate rigorously against the reduction of the underage drinking so that the fatal consequences such as the alcohol related traffic incidents , alcohol related traffic deaths and alcohol related sexual assaults can be reduced and it can only be done with the help of the minimum drinking age laws enforcements on the campuses and the schools. For the policy makers in the United States, the underage drinking has been a well debated issue in the country and there have been various laws introduced and changed over the past many years as well. Due to the increase in the drunk driving fatalities , the United States government increased the drinking age from 18 years to 21 years so that the fatality rate could be decreased. There have been arguments put forth which question that what reasons have resulted in the underage drinking to be reduced to 18. There are some critics who criticize the current drinking age which differentiates and arbitrarily discriminates between the individuals who are 21 years old and the individuals who are 18 years old. In the country like United States, the individual who is 18 years old is regarded as the legally adult, and hence has the freedom to join military , have the capability and ability to

The Baroque period Essay Example for Free

The Baroque period Essay The Baroque period was a point in time that describes the style and manner of music in Europe that extended through the years spanning from 1600-1750 C. E. (Sartorius, para. 1). The term Baroque was initially mainly used as a description of art rather than the music until the 20th century. During this era, two main musical classes were dominant, the oratorio and the opera. This article explores the similarities and differences between the two genres as well as tries to note whether all famous composers wrote both genres or were specific in their writing A striking similarities in the two genres existed and centers mainly around the time they came up. Both genres flourished and saw increased performance in the 17th century. Both genres employed the use of drama in their performance and could thus be described as vocal pieces aimed at narrating a story (Grier, pp. 302) Though the two genres share similarities, their differences are also pronounced. The oratorio lacks stage performance and does not rely upon the use of costumes during presentations, a defining feature of operas. Also, while the operas are mainly secular, the oratorios are mainly sacred in their context hence their name that means†prayer hall†. While operas almost always have a lead, oratorios rely heavily on use of chorus singers. The oratorios also relatively had a lot of recitations, something the operas did not share. While some famous composers such as Daniel Purcell writing oratoris such as Magnificant and Nunc Dimittis as well as Batch Sebastian famed for his oratorios such as libretto seemed to stick to one genre of music in their writing, some wrote both the operas and the oratorios. An example is the composer Giovanni Battista Bassani who had a set of 13 oratorios including LEsaltazione di S Croce, 1675 and IL mistico Roveto, 1681 and he also composed 13 operas most of which cannot now be traced save for Gli amori alla moda. Handel Georg, arguably only second to Batch in composition also wrote operas and oratorios such as Judas Maccabeus and the Messiah (Gonzales Et Al, pp. 135). Work cited: Gonzales, Et Al, Mapeh in Action Iv 20. Manilla: Rex Bookstore, Inc. , 2008. Grier, James Don Neville, Salieris Partion. Early Music, XXIX (2): 302-304, 2001. Retrieved on 4th May 2010 from http://em. oxfordjournals. org/cgi/pdf_extract/XXIX/2/302. Sartorius, Michael. BAROQUE MUSIC: historical and geographical context. 17 May 1994. Retrieved on 4th May 2010 from: http://www. baroquemusic. org/barcomp. html.

Effect of Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías Regime on the Economy

Effect of Hugo Rafael Chà ¡vez Frà ­as Regime on the Economy Introduction Venezuela is located in the upper corner of South America and neighbors with Colombia, Brazil, and Guyana. It has been nearly 200 years since Venezuela first gained its independence from Spain (1811). From 1830 onwards, when Venezuela split from the Bolivarian Colombia (1819-1830), the country was governed mostly by military and despotic regimes. That military period lasted until 1958 when the current democratic spell started following the ousting of General Marcos Perez Jimenezs dictatorship.  [1]  Despite that long period of military dictatorships, the Venezuelan economy is considered to be a mixed economy where there is a mixture of command and free market elements  [2]  . These will be discussed in greater depth in the following text. Venezuela had until the 1980s a series of successful periods of economic growth  [3]  . The country had from there on and until 1999 a succession of economic and political crises. The government previous to the election of Hugo Chavez headed by Rafael Caldera was in power from 1994 to 1999. During this time in office he had to deal with high inflation rates and a financial crisis. Due to these severe problems, Caldera was forced to impose an exchange control in mid-1994. This was shortly followed by more stabilization actions that were enforced by the International Monetary Fund agreement. Due to these severe actions taken by the Calderas government (Convergencia) he became severely unpopular among the electorate. This did not help him win his reelection and set the stage for Hugo Chavez  [4]  . The purpose of this essay is to discuss whether or not Hugo Rafael Chà ¡vez Frà ­as regime is moving towards a planned economy due his anti- American stance. Moises Naim states that the rise to power of Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez is often seen as evidence of an impending backlash against globalization, American-style capitalism.  [5]  This statement reflects the change in the governments policies on the Venezuelan economic system. To further explain this transformation it is vital to define what a free market economy and planned economy are. Theoretical Background Hypotheses If the Venezuelan government is moving from a free market economy to a planned economy, one would expect to find evidence of this transition economy. Definitions are needed to be known before explanation of results. A free market economy refers to an economy in which markets, in other words the interaction of buyers and producers, determine price and output.  [6]  In addition, this economic system [relies] on free markets which permit people to engage in economic activities largely free from government control.  [7]  In other words the government must have a hands-off policy in regards to the economy. Therefore, all production is in private hands and companies are able to adjust their wages and prices according to the demand and supply curve. Furthermore individuals are able to make independent decisions regarding the price of products, amount of production, and retailing. The free market economy is one that allows for the best interests of both consumers and producers to be met  [8]  . Advantages of the free market economy include: resources are allocated by market forces and price mechanisms,  [9]  and the motivation of profits provides an incentive to reduce costs and be innovate.  [10]  As William Baumol points out, to some extent, innovation in the economy is important as it indicates the expansion of peoples creativities in businesses and therefore fosters productivity growth in the economy.  [11]  What this makes clear once again is that a lot of the power and decision making lie within companies and the market. Disadvantages can include resources being used up too quickly as firms seek to make high profits and to minimize costs.  [12]  Additionally, large firms can expand and dominate a particular industry; leading to higher prices, and results in excessive power. A planned economy is defined as an economy where decisions are made by the government on the behalf of the people, and in theory, in their best interests.  [13]  This indicates that the state has great ownership of resources in the economy and through this provides social welfare to the people. In this economy the government sets the price of resources. There are thought to be several advantages and disadvantages in a planned economy. The advantages are that the government can directly influence the distribution of income to make it more equal  [14]  . In addition the government determines which [types of goods] are to be supplied  [15]  . This necessarily gives the government the power to decide what goods are considered to be important in the society. A disadvantage of this economy is the government [s dominance which] may lead to a loss of personal freedom of choice  [16]  . Unlike the free market economy there is no incentive for individuals or firms to be innovat iveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ goods are often of poor quality and usually a limited choice.  [17]  No competition in the economy and low profit (or absence of profit altogether) can lead to inefficiencies of resources. In short, it is the government, and not the consumers, who make all the decisions. A planned economy is an ideology often used by governments in communist states. Countries like Cuba and North Korea are currently using a planned economy system. An important concept of economic theory in describing a planned economy and free market economy is the understanding of economic growth. Economic growth is defined as an improvement in the standard of living (that) typically occurs when an economy increases its output of goods and services during an expansion  [18]  . This leads to economic development which refers to an improvement in living standards in an economy encompassing material consumption, education, health, and environmental concerns.  [19]  Therefore the use of a production possibility curve (PPC) is implemented to determine economic growth. Looking at the graph below (figure 1), one can see the theoretical downfall of the total goods and services (GDP) as the market moves from free market to planned economy. The PPC1 curve shifts downwards to PPC2 a level where planned economy would function. In moving from a free economy to a more planned economy orientated structure (transition economy), theoretically the output of the countrys total goods and services would decrease because of the inefficiencies. Overall the economic growth diminishes as the governments dominance in the economy increases. Figure 1 The PPC can also be used to better understand the change in government spending in a planned economy. This curve demonstrates the shifting of the government spending. The graph below (figure 2) presents public sector production and private sector production. The PPC curve represents the maximum amount of output possible given the available resources.  [20]  . At point A, there is an equal amount of production from the public and private sector. The total production at point A is on the PPC curve meaning that the maximum level of production is obtained  [21]  . As the government moves closer to a fully planned economy and it begins to invest in the public sector which include schools, health programs, housing, and so forth bureaucracy and inefficiencies increase and production moves to point B.  [22]  As we can see in figure 2, point B is no longer on the PPC curve but below it, signaling that the maximum level of output is not being achieved. Figure 2 Methodology Departing from the following hypothesis If the Venezuelan government is moving from a free market economy to a planned economy, one would expect to find evidence of this transition economy. This evidence would be found in several areas. One would expect to find more government bureaucracy and interferences in private enterprises. This could take the form of increased unjustified fines, paper work, restriction of all kinds, and control, which all result in reduction of business. One would also expect to find an increase in the nationalization of private companies; this could take the form of expropriation of private lands by the government. Further evidence of a movement towards a planned economy would be greater spending on social welfare. This would be clear in areas such as health, education, and housing. Finally, one would expect to find evidence of more interference in the economic structure exemplified by manipulation of currency exchange rates. To prove my hypothesis, this evid ence should be demonstrated as actually present in order to confirm the transition of Venezuelas economy. To prove or disprove my hypothesis I relied both on primary and secondary sources. In investigating primary sources, I met with two local business men  [23]  and one professor  [24]  in Venezuela. I then asked them specific questions  [25]  regarding their businesses in this transition economy. Furthermore, in October 2010 on a visit to Venezuela, I was able to make my own observations of the state of the country. In investigating secondary sources, I researched articles and books written by authors and journalists. In addition, I looked for statistics that represent the movement from a free-market to a planned economy. Results Analysis Evaluation More government interference on businesses When Hugo Chavezs government got into office in 1999, the government slowly imposed new regulations on all sizes of businesses. This policy mainly impacted negatively small businesses and employment. I interviewed one business man, Otto Horn, regarding the increased bureaucracy that his firm, Floritec  [26]  , encounters. In this interview he stated that It is harder to import and export raw materials and finished products abroad  [27]  . Many businesses are required to fill in extra custom paper work for SENIAT (the governments tax collection entity)  [28]  and face crippling fines for even a minor inconsistency in the eyes of custom agents. It gets harder by the day to keep small enterprises in business. This has led to higher cost for businesses as these bureaucratic obstacles force the firms to hire more labor to deal with these issues. As well, it is noticed that waiting for approvals from the government in so many newly imposed demands on small enterprises means los s of time and money which impacts the efficiency of these businesses. To put an example, the government has begun charging firms for the use of their own company logo on their own trucks. Otto Horn stated, If you want to put a company logo, you need to buy a license from the government and this raises costs.  [29]  These examples point to an increased level of government interference. Small businesses are mostly affected by these measures as they dont have enough capital to cover these new expenses. Big businesses have also been affected by these government interferences and even though they are better prepared to cope with it the uncertainty leads to less investment and further instability in the economy as a whole. In early 2009, the economy encountered high inflation  [30]  . This caused a surge in the prices of all products. The Venezuelan government, under Chavez, made several attempts in reducing this high inflation. One of the actions taken was imposing price controls on certain staple foods in an effort to make them more affordable to everyone. However, this action did not have the best outcome, [the] government [`s] attempts to impose price control has had limited effect as big food producers have cut back on production, food distributors have decreased shipments and even hoarded essential goods and retail sellers have traded on the black market  [31]  This control further damaged the food producers by cutting their profit which forced them to reduce the costs, which in one example was achieved by reducing the number of employees. Furthermore, Luis Carmona of Polar states, Forcing companies to produce rice at a loss will not resolve the situation, [and] simply makes it worse.  [32]  In addition, fewer goods could be established on the market. These price controls largely affects food producers and many food processing companies became bankrupt. Hugo Chavez and his government decided to sue or even nationalize dysfunctional companies if they do not follow the governments rules  [33]  . Hugo Chavez said he would take over the control of the food processing industries, as he said in one of his statements, I will expropriate them, I have no problem with that, and Ill pay them with bonds. Dont count on me paying with hard cash  [34]  . This suggests that the government is serious about making food available to the poor but on the other hand, private firms cannot cope with the price changes unless it cuts down on costs. This is all evidence of a planned economy. Government interference was evident in the conversation with another business man named Jorge Redmond, CEO of Chocolates El Rey  [35]  . Mr. Redmond initially wanted to merge his company with the world renowned company, Nestlà ©. He wanted to merge the company to avoid suffocating levels of governmental interference and bureaucratic hurdles brought upon the firm affecting its products exports mainly to its U.S customers. However the government blocked the deal between the potential mergers, as the government did not want more foreign presence in Venezuela  [36]  . The governments move against expansion of global assets limits the choices of private firms. This emphasizes the governments bureaucracy and interference on businesses. Government Nationalization Growing bureaucracy and government interference have led to a failure of private companies as they cannot maintain healthy profitability levels. This has given the government an excuse to nationalize private firms. Common examples are CA Nacional Telefonos de Venezuela (CANTV), the countrys telephone company and Electricidad de Caracas, the largest electric company in Venezuela  [37]  . These nationalizations were linked by Chavez to his pursuit of XXI century Socialism  [38]  . In July 2007, at the start of the high fuel prices, the government nationalized key infrastructures of the Venezuelan economy in an attempt to reach the goals of the government.  [39]   Also in 2007, the government stripped assets from two U.S. oil companies Exxon Mobil Corp. and ConocoPhilips.  [40]  The government seized control of the profits of both companies. In the following year, 2008, Hugo Chavez and his government ordered the nationalization of the cement industry, Cemex,  [41]  a Mexican owned company. Chavezs rationale was to prepare for future building in the housing sector. In addition, in 2008, the Venezuelan steel mill, Siderà ºrgica del Orinoco SIDOR, was nationalized. Chavez complained the companies do not put a high enough priority on supplying the domestic market  [42]  . In 2009, the government for the first time ordered the Venezuelan armed forces to take over a business, in this case a rice processing plant  [43]  . In October 2010 the government nationalized AGROISLENA, the countrys largest producer of goods and services for the agricultural sector  [44]  . According to The Economist, since Hugo Chavez got into power in 1999, almost 400 companies have been nationalized, the vast majority in the past two years.  [45]  This shows the governments movement to take over major industries in order to fix the prices of the goods. All the above actions taken by the government have been sweeping reforms throughout the nation with the aim of reducing the prices of products which would result in massive consumption of the products by the local economy. The nationalization of firms by the government points to evidence of a planned economy as the government begins to de-privatize companies, moving towards a greater control of how the economy functions. More Social Welfare Spending Hugo Chavez came to power by promising the people a reduction in poverty and an increase in quality of life for the masses. This spending was fueled by high oil prices in July 2007, crude had reached the remarkable world market price of $US 147 per barrel.  [46]   This increased spending in the public sector gives more evidence of the move to a planned economy. The graph (figure 3) below shows the statistics of government public expenditure  [47]  . The current regime under Hugo Chavez has increased public spending by a factor of 13 between 1999 (the year Chavez entered office) to 2008. Figure 3 The government has spent money on the educational, health, and housing sectors. With the increase profits from the oil rents and productions, the Ministry of Education has introduced mission programs, Robinson I and II are mission[s] focusing on literacy and primary education for adults, Ribas and Sucre target secondary and university education for individuals who never had the opportunity to attend or those who dropped out.  [48]  This missions are examples of increased spending on the public sector. Hugo Chavezs government has increased public spending on the health sector of the economy. The government has created new mission programs such as, Barrio Adentro [which] provides free health care to the poor through the assistance of tens of thousands of Cuban doctors  [49]  Internet correspondence with Guillermo Buhrkohl  [50]  , a political professor from Venezuela, confirms this in the following, The health programs known as Mission Barrio Adentro and Mission Miracle, are programsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ aiming [at]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ providing primary medical attention to the shantytown population; however the professor confirms the government is literally asphyxiating both health care provided by private hospitals and the traditional public health system, paradoxically the later is the place where the poor go when a very limited Barrio Adentro cannot cope. This proves that there has been an increase in government spending on healthcare which could be seen as detrimental to both priv ate and public sectors. The government promised the masses to increase the public social welfare to all. This would also include the construction of close to free housing for each family. From my own personal observation while visiting the country in October 2010, the use of the billboards to promote housing plans was clearly evident everywhere  [51]  . This evidence of increased spending in the public sector mostly for political purposes adds up to the motive of the planned economy. Manipulation of currency Hugo Chavezs government has interfered deeply into the currency market. The government has made severe adjustments to currency, starting with the introduction of strict exchange rate controls by pegging the exchange rate to the American dollar in 2005. In 2008, the government changed the numerical currency making 1,000 Bolivars equal to the value of one Bolivar Fuerte (strong Bolivar)  [52]  . This measure could be seen to minimize the perceived inflation due to government action. However, it does not address the inflation that the country faces. In January 8th 2010, the government announced the devaluing of the currency by up to 50%  [53]  . The government believed that the devaluation of the Bolivar would trigger an export boom as Venezuelas exports would become more competitive. In reality, the devaluation had little to no effect on the countrys exports, as can be seen in Figure 4  [54]  . Figure 4 As mentioned above, in 2005, Hugo Chavezs administration made extreme adjustments to the Venezuelan financial system. The governments control over the currency exchange rates is shown in a statement, The introduction of the exchange controls has meant that companies and individuals have to apply to the Comision de Administracion de Divisas (Cadivi, the official foreign exchange agency).  [55]  This is where the government fixed the currency rate at 2.15 to the dollar. This triggered an increase in imports from 2005 which can be seen on the graph above (Fig.3)  [56]  . On January 8, 2010, the devaluation has occurred; from 2.15 bolivars to the [US] dollar to 4.3 bolivars to the [US] dollar  [57]  explained above caused higher consumer inflation on goods thus affecting the total spending on imported goods like televisions. The devaluation of the currency and exchange controls has lead the Venezuelan economy to have extremely high inflation. Consumption in the Venezuelan economy has decreased and business production has lowered to meet their expenditures. For example, Movistar, [in Venezuela] a mobile phone company owned by Spains Telefonica, last month [August 2010] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ suspended roaming agreements in 13 countries.  [58]  This indicated that the dollar squeeze is affecting the Venezuelan economy deeply. On the other hand, high inflation means that the government gets more Bolivars from a quick recovery of oil prices, and exporting oil to United States. This money allows the government to satisfy the needs of the Venezuelans to the best interests of the government, and this brings the role of the government into everyday lives as, that gives Mr. Chavez the chance to throw money around: pay rises for the army for example.  [59]  This manipulation of the currency gives solid evidence of interferences in economy by Hugo Chavezs government which adds a new element that confirms the hypothesis of a transition towards a planned economy in Venezuela. Conclusions In this investigation, I found information that supports the transformation to a planned economy from a free market economy in Venezuela. The evidence included: increased government bureaucracy, nationalization of the private sector, increased government spending in social welfare, and increased manipulation of the currency. This has led Hugo Chavezs government to gain greater control of the Venezuelan economic system since his election in 1998. The government is able to decide which goods and services are considered to be important for society. Such examples are the heavily subsidized food distribution firms (MERCAL and PDVAL) created by the government  [60]  . In this investigation, there are a number of difficulties that hinder the gathering of evidence. First, it was hard to gain true statistics regarding the economy. For example, the unemployment rate is hard to determine due to the fact that workers in the informal sector of the economy are included in the statistics which constitutes half of the countrys total workforce  [61]  . It was difficult to find statistical data to support the losses of business budget. Despite my attempts to access this information through internet sources, I was unsuccessful. Secondly there has been a strong political bias in many articles, books, and interviews. These biases affected my research and influenced me deeply, though I made every attempt to remain objective. In addition, it was often hard to separate politics from economics where both are closely linked together. These shortcomings together with a lack of time beg for further and more in depth research to formalize conclusions. Specifically, I would wish to focus on a significant number of concrete business cases where the governments interference in the economy has greatly affected their profitability. I would be interested in confirming the statistical data to support the hypothesis presented. However, the evidence and research presented here demonstrate that there are elements to sustain my hypothesis. It is clear that the government is seriously attempting to impose upon the country a planned economy of the Venezuela. Whether the government is able to complete a transition to a fully planned economy or not, this conclusion stands regardless. In my opinion, the move to the planned economy under Hugo Chavez can have a negative impact on Venezuela as it has negatively limited the freedom of Venezuelan businesses and increased government interference in the economy. Evidence can be found in articles discussing the current brain drain  [62]  ; the educated Venezuelans are more likely to leave the country. Many of these educated people whom are students, professors, doctors, business owners and so forth have either moved to Colombia or to the United States. References Bad news for Venezuelan economy. El Universal 24 May 2010: n. pag. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. . Baumol, Willam. The free-market innovation machine: analyzing the growth miracle of capitalism. Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press, 2002. Print. Blink, Jocelyn, and Ian Dorton. Economics: Course Companion. Oxford: Database right Oxford University Press, 2007. Print. The Bolivarian Brain Drain. Newsweek 1 July 2009: n. pag. Web. 22 Nov. 2010.